Studies on models synthesised by stereochemically controlled routes have been used to elucidate the configurations of the central triene chromophores in the phytoenes (7,8,11,12,7′,8′,11′,12′-octahydro-ψ,ψ-carotenes). The common natural phytoene has been shown to be cis about the 15,15′-double bond only, and the main phytoene from Flavobacterium dehydrogenans to be the all-trans-isomer. Both these isomers have been synthesised, and their stereomutation has been studied.
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Khan et al. (1975) studied this question.