Flexible transparent film heaters using a ternary composite of silver nanowire, conducting polymer, and conductive oxide

, indium tin oxide [ITO]) layer, exhibiting higher performance in terms of the maximum heating temperature (>110 °C), operational stability, mechanical flexibility, and optical transmittance (95% at 550 nm), compared to pristine AgNW-based TFHs. We also demonstrated the stable operation of the AgNW-PEDOT:PSS/ITO TFHs soaked in water, showing excellent environmental stability. To analyse the fundamental mechanisms for the improved performance of the AgNW-PEDOT:PSS/ITO TFHs, we investigated the progress of joule heating using a device simulator, and found that the improvement originated not only from reduced electrical resistance but also from enhanced heat dissipation with PEDOT:PSS and ITO. We anticipate that our analysis and results will be helpful for further development of practical flexible TFHs.