Fukuyama's Blind Spot Was Not Religion's Return, but Its Hybridization

This conceptual working paper revisits Francis Fukuyama’s “end of history” thesis by examining the possibility that religious institutions may persist not by resisting liberal-capitalist modernity, but by appropriating its organizational machinery. Bringing Fukuyama into conversation with Gilles Kepel, Max Weber, José Casanova, and S. N. Eisenstadt, it develops the concept of institutional hybridization: the combination of modern corporate, managerial, technological, and market forms with charismatic, hierarchical, or otherwise illiberal structures of authority. The paper argues that contemporary convergence may therefore occur less at the level of ideology than at the level of organizational technique. The argument develops a theoretical proposition introduced in Victor P. Amoguez III’s Disposable Church (2026).