A full-wave modal analysis of three-dimensional curved optical waveguides using the finite element method based on edge/nodal hybrid elements is presented. In order to calculate bending losses, an anisotropic perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition is employed, and to apply the PML concept to curved waveguides, the PML, which is applicable to inhomogeneous regions, is derived.
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Yasuhidé Tsuji (2004) studied this question.