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NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ nanorods embedded in TiO 2 photoanodes boost dye-sensitized solar cell efficiency greatly. Optimal 1.0 wt% annealed nanorods enhance charge separation and upconversion, outperforming conventional TiO 2 -based cells.
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Guo et al. (2025) studied this question.
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