A halogen- and acid-free aqueous solution was developed to crystallize anatase TiO2 nano-particles. Spinal or zigzag chains of TiO6 octahedrons were formed from [TiO(C2O4)2]2- ions. They were then gradually transformed into rutile TiO2 in the solutions. Rearrangement of octahedrons realized aqueous phase transition from anatase to rutile.
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Masuda et al. (2009) studied this question.
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