James D. Nichols, J. Bart, Roland J. Limpert, William J. L. Sladen, James E. Hines, Annual Survival Rates of Adult and Immature Eastern Population Tundra Swans, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Jul., 1992), pp. 485-494
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Nichols et al. (1992) studied this question.
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