Freeze‐substitution and the preservation of diffusible ions

Freeze-substitution of biological material in pure acetone followed by low-temperature embedding in the Lowicryls K11M and HM23 yields stable preparations well suited for sectioning and subsequent morphological and microanalytical studies. Transmission electron microscopy of dry-cut sections shows that diffusible cellular thallium ions (T1+) of T1(+)-loaded muscle are localized at similar protein sites in freeze-substituted as in frozen-hydrated preparations. A comparison of X-ray microanalytical data obtained from freeze-dried cryosections and sections of freeze-substituted normal (potassium-containing) muscle shows that K+ ion retention in the freeze-substituted sample is highly dependent on the freeze-substitution procedure used so far, in the best case, about 67% of the cellular K+ is retained after freeze-substitution in pure acetone and low-temperature embedding. It is concluded that the macromolecules during the preparative steps and that ion retention may be increased by further optimizing freeze-substitution and low-temperature embedding.