Lattice Boltzmann simulation of open flows with heat transfer

A thermal lattice Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook model with doubled populations, together with a new temperature boundary condition, is used to simulate thermal flows with viscous heating effects. Simulations of thermal Couette and Poiseuille flows show that the present model works over a wide range of parameters. Open flow configurations are discussed to demonstrate that basic thermal effects such as expansion cooling are correctly reproduced.