Genetic Merits of Ethiopian Barley Landraces in Developing Variety for Moisture-Stressed Environments: A Review

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop grown in diverse agro-ecological zones worldwide, ranging from lowland (in regions facing moisture stress) to highland areas. Ethiopian barley landraces are known for their resilience to these stresses, and they possess valuable genetic traits that make them a potential resource for developing drought-tolerant varieties. This review highlights the genetic diversity of Ethiopian barley landraces and their role in improving barley's resilience to moisture stress, which is increasingly important in the face of climate change. The genetic traits of Ethiopian barley landraces, such as drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield stability under water-limited conditions, are central to their ability to thrive in challenging environments. These traits have evolved over centuries, allowing Ethiopian barley to adapt to the country’s diverse agro-ecological zones. With Ethiopia recognized as a center of genetic diversity for barley, the local landraces represent a critical genetic reservoir for breeding drought-tolerant varieties that can withstand the unpredictable rainfall patterns associated with climate change. Conventional methods, such as hybridization and selection have shown success in improving drought tolerance by incorporating desirable traits from landraces into elite cultivars. Despite the considerable potential of Ethiopian barley landraces, several challenges hinder their full utilization. These include genetic erosion due to the widespread adoption of modern cultivars, the impacts of climate change on traditional growing conditions, and limited research infrastructure. Addressing these challenges will require collaborative efforts between farmers, researchers, and international organizations to conserve and exploit the genetic resources of Ethiopian barley. By doing so, Ethiopia can enhance the development of drought-resistant barley varieties that will contribute to global food security in the face of changing climate conditions.