Grid-Convergent Spray Models for Internal Combustion Engine Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations

A state-of-the-art spray modeling methodology is presented. Key features of the methodology, such as adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), advanced liquid–gas momentum coupling, and improved distribution of the liquid phase, are described. The ability of this approach to use cell sizes much smaller than the nozzle diameter is demonstrated. Grid convergence of key parameters is verified for nonevaporating, evaporating, and reacting spray cases using cell sizes down to 1/32 mm. Grid settings are recommended that optimize the accuracy/runtime tradeoff for RANS-based spray simulations.