Advances in mineral-based composite phase change materials for energy storage: A review

Phase change materials offer high energy-storage density and maintain a constant temperature during energy storage; however, they face many challenges, such as leakage issues and low thermal conductivity in practical applications. Minerals have excellent thermal and chemical stability, high mechanical strength , good thermal conductivity , and natural porous structures and are increasingly used in composite phase change materials (CPCMs). This review summarizes methods for the preparation and optimization of mineral-based CPCMs. Additionally, we highlight their promising practical applications, including high-temperature energy storage, building energy efficiency , and waste heat recovery , while also discussing future development prospects.