Fabrication of apigenin and adenosine-loaded nanoparticles against doxorubicin-induced myocardial infarction by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress

Figures

• 

  Scheme 1. Graphical representation of fabrication of AP-AD PNPs via emulsification and microfluidic technique

• 

  Fig. 1. A and B) Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) spectra of apigenin (AP) and adenosine (AD) in methanolic solution. C and D) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of AP-AD PNPs developed by emulsion and microfluidic technique. The scale bar is 2 μm. E and F) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of AP-AD PNPs developed by emulsion and microfluidic technique. The scale bar is 200 nm. G and H) EE and DL of AP-AD PNPs developed by emulsion and microfluidic technique. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3)

• 

  Fig. 2. The hydrodynamic size, polydisperse index (PDI), and drug loading (DL) changes of AP-AD PNPs developed by emulsion (A-C) and microfluidic technique (D-F). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3)

• 

  Fig. 3. Investigation of viscosity of AP-AD PNPs. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3)

• 

  Fig. 4. In vitro AP and AD release pattern of AP-AD PNPs. (A) AP release pattern of AP-AD PNPs. (B) AD release pattern of AP-AD PNPs. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3)

• 

  Fig. 5. Plasma outlines and heart ratio in intravenously injected MI rats with AP&AD mixtures and AP-AD PNPs. A and B) AP and AD plasma concentrations versus time profile. C and D) The levels of AP and AD in the heart were observed at different hours. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3)

• 

  Fig. 6. Biodistribution of (A-D) AP and (E-H) AD in different organs at various hours. UPLC-MS/MS noted the levels of AP and AD in rat organs. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3)

• 

  Fig. 7. AP-AD PNPs inverted the histological variations in heart tissue after MI. Representative images of heart stained with H&E in sham, model, AP&AD mixtures, AP-AD PNPs, and MT injection. The scale bar is 40 X (magnification). TUNEL in sham, model, AP&AD mixtures, AP-AD PNPs, and MT injection. The scale bar is 100 μm

• 

  Fig. 8. Effects of AP-AD PNPs on cardiac markers. (A) CK activity, (B) LDH activity, (C) AST activity, and (D) Heart mass in the serum. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 6). *Compared with the control group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, and ***P < 0.01)

• 

  Fig. 9. AP-AD PNPs diminished the oxidative stress. (A) NO content, (B) MDA content, (C) SOD activity, and (D) GSH content. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 6). *Compared with the control group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, and ***P < 0.01)

• 

  Fig. 10. AP-AD PNPs improved the inflammatory factors. (A) IL-6 contents, and (B) TNF-α content. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 6). *Compared with the control group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, and ***P < 0.01)

• 

  Fig. 11. Representative images of organs stained with H&E in sham, model and AP-AD PNPs groups. The scale bar is 40 X (magnification)