The application of electric energy has profoundly transformed human civilization, and driven the development of modern society. The increasing number of electrical equipment has led to an extraordinary increase in demand for electricity. Concurrently, clean and sustainable methods to produce and use electricity are urgently needed to alleviate further damage to the Earth's climate from legacy energy sources. These necessities have spurred significant research in energy conversion, storage, and conservation, and great progress has been achieved in both fundamental research and application exploration. On the other hand, numerous new challenges remain in a variety of key areas, including effective and safe electrical energy storage, efficient production of electrical energy, convenient transmission of electrical energy, optimization of output under limited electrical energy use, and the transition away from carbon-based energy generation.
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Lin et al. (2022) studied this question.
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