Water-soluble tomato concentrate modulates shear-induced platelet aggregation and blood flow in vitro and in vivo

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Effects of water-soluble tomato concentrate (WSTC) on shear-induced platelet aggregation. (A) Representative images showing effects of Model group and groups treated with WSTC at 0.7 g⋅L–1 (WSTC-L), 2.0 g⋅L–1 (WSTC-M), or 6.0 g⋅L–1 (WSTC-H) and Aspirin (1 mM) on platelet aggregation under shear rates of 400, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 s–1. The scale bar is 50 μm. (B) Mean platelet aggregation rate at the end of exposure indicated shear rates under the conditions shown in (A). *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, compared to control group, analyzed by two-way ANOVA test.

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  FIGURE 2. Effects of water-soluble tomato concentrate (WSTC) on Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)-mediated platelet adhesion and rolling velocity under shear stress. (A) Representative images showing effects of vWF-mediated platelet adhesion under 6 Pa shear stress in each group, the first image of each row was taken at the beginning of the flow, and the second image shown is at 10 s after flow. The scale bar is 20 μm. (B) Mean platelet adhesion inhibitory rate of the control group, WSTC-L, WSTC-M, WSTC-H, and Aspirin group under the conditions shown in (A), the inhibitory rate was calculated as follows: (adhesion platelet numbers at beginning − adhesion platelet numbers after 10 s shear flow)/adhesion platelet numbers at beginning × 100%. *P < 0.05, compared to control group; **P < 0.01, compared to control group. (C) Mean platelet rolling speed in the control group, WSTC-L, WSTC-M, WSTC-H groups, and Aspirin group under conditions shown in (A).

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  FIGURE 3. Effects of water-soluble tomato concentrate (WSTC) on platelet aggregation and the plasma levels of catecholamine and vWF in rats undergoing strenuous exercise. (A) Mean platelet aggregation rate of the control group, strenuous model group, WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group, WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group, and WSTC 150 mg⋅kg–1 group. All groups recorded the maximal aggregation after the addition of ADP (2.5 μM). #P < 0.05 compared to control group; &P < 0.10 compared to exhausted e model group; (B) Levels of plasma catecholamine in the control group, strenuous model group, WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group, WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group, and WSTC 150 mg⋅kg–1 group. #P < 0.05 compared to control group; *P < 0.05, compared to strenuous model group. (C) Levels of plasma IL-6 in the control group, strenuous model group, WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group, WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group, and WSTC 150 mg⋅kg–1 group. #P < 0.05 compared to control group; *P < 0.05, compared to strenuous model group. (D) Levels of plasma vWF in the control group, strenuous model group, WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group, WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group, and WSTC 150 mg⋅kg–1 group.

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  FIGURE 4. Effects of water-soluble tomato concentrate (WSTC) on rat tail thrombosis in the κcarrageenan-induced black tail model. (A) Representative images showing the tails of rats in the control group (I); κ-carrageenan-induced black tails in the model group (II); Aspirin group (III); WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group (IV); WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group (V), and WSTC 150 mg⋅kg–1 group (VI). (B) Mean length of black coloration in the tails of rats in the Model group; Aspirin group; WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group, WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group, and WSTC 150 mg⋅kg–1 group. &P < 0.10 compared to model group. *P < 0.05, compared to model group; **P < 0.01, compared to model group.

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  FIGURE 5. Effects of water-soluble tomato concentrate (WSTC) on platelet aggregation in the κcarrageenan-induced black tail model. Mean platelet aggregation rate in the normal control group, black tail model group, Aspirin group, WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group, WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group, and WSTC 150 mg⋅kg–1 group. All groups recorded the maximal aggregation rate after the addition of ADP (2.5 μM). ##P < 0.01 compared to normal group; *P < 0.05, compared to model group.

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  FIGURE 6. Effects of water-soluble tomato concentrate (WSTC) on microcirculation perfusion and blood flow in rats with tail thrombosis. (A) Representative images showing microcirculation perfusion in the hind limb region in control group (I); model group (II); Aspirin group (III); WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group (IV); WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group (V); and WSTC 150 mg⋅kg–1 group (VI). (B) Representative images showing microcirculation perfusion in the plantar region in the same order as (A). (C) Representative images showing microcirculation perfusion at the tail region in the same order as (A). (D) Mean microcirculation blood perfusion in the hind limb region, plantar region, and tail region. #P < 0.05, compared to control group; *P < 0.05 compared to model group; &P < 0.10, compared to model group.

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  FIGURE 7. Pathological images of tail tissue under different treatments. (A) Normal control group, no defects in the intima of the vessel, the structure was normal and the vessel wall showed no abnormalities. (B) Model group, inflammation occurred with significant inflammatory cell infiltration and edema around the vessels, the vessels were blocked with mixed thrombi. Vessel walls were necrotic and showed homogeneous red staining. (C) Aspirin group; (D) water-soluble tomato concentrate (WSTC) 150 mg⋅kg–1 group, (E) WSTC 75 mg⋅kg–1 group, and (F) WSTC 25 mg⋅kg–1 group. The scale bar is 200 μm.