Key result
This review summarizes methodologies for isolating extracellular vesicles from distinct neuronal models and body fluids to facilitate biomarker discovery and therapeutic research in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Why the study?
Multiple EV isolation methods exist for biomarker discovery and mechanistic research in neurodegenerative diseases, but each neuronal model and biofluid presents unique methodological challenges.
This review provides an overview of EV isolation methodologies to facilitate research in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increased importance in fundamental research as key players in disease pathogenic mechanisms, but also in translational and clinical research due to their value in biomarker discovery, either for diagnostics and/or therapeutics. In the first research scenario, the study of EVs isolated from neuronal models mimicking neurodegenerative diseases can open new avenues to better understand the pathological mechanisms underlying these conditions or to identify novel molecular targets for diagnosis and/or therapeutics. In the second research scenario, the easy availability of EVs in body fluids and the specificity of their cargo, which can reflect the cell of origin or disease profiles, turn these into attractive diagnostic tools. EVs with exosome-like characteristics, circulating in the bloodstream and other peripheral biofluids, constitute a non-invasive and rapid alternative to study several conditions, including brain-related disorders. In both cases, several EVs isolation methods are already available, but each neuronal model or biofluid presents its own challenges. Herein, a literature overview on EVs isolation methodologies from distinct neuronal models (cellular culture and brain tissue) and body fluids (serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and saliva) was carried out. Focus was given to approaches employed in the context of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and the main research findings discussed. The topics here revised will facilitate the choice of EVs isolation methodologies and potentially prompt new discoveries in EVs research and in the neurodegenerative diseases field.
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Vaz et al. (2022) conducted a review in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Extracellular vesicles isolation methodologies was evaluated. This review summarizes methodologies for isolating extracellular vesicles from distinct neuronal models and body fluids to facilitate biomarker discovery and therapeutic research in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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