Advances in biomass derived low-cost carbon catalyst for biodiesel production: preparation methods, reaction conditions, and mechanisms

= 8-11). Heterogeneous sulfonated catalysts derived from waste biomass were a significant focus of the most advanced biodiesel processing techniques for simple and low-cost manufacturing processes. This study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various catalysts, biomass sources and properties, synthesis of catalysts, and factors influencing the insertion of active sulfonic sites on biomass surfaces. Additionally, transesterification and esterification reaction mechanisms and kinetics are discussed. At last, future directions are provided for young, dynamic researchers.