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A nonpeptide opioid was found in toad skin and purified to homogeneity by using HPLC with electrochemical detection. A nonpeptide opioid also was detected in bovine brain and adrenals as well as rabbit and rat skin, by reversed-phase HPLC following Sephadex G-15 column chromatography. The material in toad skin was identical to morphine by immunological, pharmacological, and physical chemical criteria.
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Oka et al. (1985) studied this question.
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