The new BIPI ligands are phosphinoimidazolines that can be electronically tuned in three different ligand regions to explore electronic effects asymmetric catalysis. Their application to the asymmetric Heck reaction (AHR) in the creation of a chiral quaternary center is described. is shown for the first time to depend linearly on phosphine electron density. Changing the ligand basicity by variation of R2 or R3 substituents reverses facial selectivity.
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Busacca et al. (2003) studied this question.
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