Supersonic and Transonic Deployment of Ribbon Parachutes at Low Altitudes

Results are presented for twenty-nine flight tests of a 22.2-ft (6.8-m) diameter ribbon parachute (reefed for 0.5 sec) with a nominal 2000-lb (907-kg) store. The design, fabrication, and packing of the parachute system are discussed. Low altitude drop tests were made with F-4 and A-4 aircraft at Mach numbers from 0.57 to 1.22, and rocket-boosted tests were made at Mach numbers from 1.62 to 1.70, the latter corresponding to a maximum dynamic pressure of 2720 psf (130 kN/m2). The maximum measured snatch load, reefed stage opening shock, and second stage opening shock were approximately 65 klb (289 kN), 165 klb (734 kN) and 150 klb (667 kN), respectively. The measured load data and sequence of parachute function times are relatively consistent and repeatable. There is no discernible effect of Mach number on the steady-state drag area of the reefed parachute at Mach numbers from 0.7 to 1.50. Nomenclature At,'Ae = effective canopy inlet and exit areas, respectively, during inflation process