Prevention and management of hyperkalemia in patients treated with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors

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  Figure 1:. Strategies to mitigate the risk of hyperkalemia and enable more optimal care. Where applicable, clinicians should correct metabolic acidosis with oral sodium bicarbonate (if not contraindicated), promote potassium loss with diuretics in patients with volume overload (if not contraindicated) and consider the use of potassium binders, if available. *Although select patients with potassium values minimally elevated above 6.0 mmol/L can be managed as outpatients, given the variable availability of resources to rapidly treat and remeasure potassium in a timely fashion, management in the emergency department is recommended. Details of acute management are beyond the scope of this review. Note: CKD = chronic kidney disease, HF = heart failure, K+ = potassium, RAAS = renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.