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The average velocity and the average degree of ionization of ions emitted from a copper-vapour arc in vacuum have been determined from ion current, energy, and impulse measurements. The average ion velocity found was 1·4×10 4 m s −1 , and on the average these ions are ionized 1·7 times. Assuming single ionization, about 50% of the atoms emitted are ionized. It was found that the angular distributions of the emitted neutrals and ions were not equal.
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Wilhelm Rondeel (1974) studied this question.
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