Chronic toxicity in Ceriodaphnia dubia induced by graphene oxide

of GO. The chronic exposure resulted in significant decrease in the number of neonates. The feeding rates were also decreased by GO exposure. Sub-lethal concentrations of GO caused an increase in ROS generation in the organisms. Our results indicated that GO cause acute and chronic effects to C. dubia. In the presence of GO there was a shift in the available energy for self-maintenance rather than feeding or reproduction activities. This study provides useful information on GO concentrations that might impair the aquatic biota, and supports regulatory efforts concerning the environmental safety of this product.