Coupled Energetics of λ cro Repressor Self-Assembly and Site-Specific DNA Operator Binding I: Analysis of cro Dimerization from Nanomolar to Micromolar Concentrations

The cro repressor from bacteriophage lambda is an important and classical transcription regulatory protein that binds DNA operator sites as a dimer. Therefore, a complete understanding of gene regulation by cro requires knowledge of the coupled energetics of its protein dimerization and site-specific DNA binding. A method is described by which cro repressor can be labeled in vivo with [(35)S]methionine to a specific activity of 2 x 10(15) cpm/mol. As a prelude to binding studies, the association equilibrium of cro was determined over the range 10(-)(9)-10(-)(3) M using large-zone analytical gel chromatography with radiolabeled repressor. The data are best described by a monomer-dimer stoichiometry with an equilibrium constant of 3.07 (+/-1.08) x 10(6) M(-)(1) total cro monomer. Stokes radii for monomers and dimers were evaluated from the resolved gel partition coefficients. Under the conditions employed in this study (10 mM Bis-Tris, 200 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl(2), 1 mM CaCl(2), 100 microg/mL BSA, pH 7.0, 20 degrees C), self-association of cro to species with assembly states greater than dimers is not observed.