Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
The former ovuliferous scales of biotemplated cones of Pinus nigra show moisture-driven actuation similar to their biological templates, demonstrating a facile route to obtain ceramic moisture-sensitive bilayer actuators. Based on comparative analysis of their hierarchical nanometer-precision replica structures, using, e.g., spatially resolved small-angle X-ray scattering, the origin of the actuation is explained.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Opdenbosch et al. (2016) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: