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Grazyna Kochanska, Nazan Aksan, Amy L. Koenig, A Longitudinal Study of the Roots of Preschoolers' Conscience: Committed Compliance and Emerging Internalization, Child Development, Vol. 66, No. 6 (Dec., 1995), pp. 1752-1769
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Kochanska et al. (1995) studied this question.
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