Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Isolated instances of phoresy between certain species of Mallophaga and the dipterous family Hippoboscidae have been recorded numerous times in various journals for over 100 years. Herein are reviewed and summarized published cases of phoresy from 11 non-passerine bird orders, 22 passerine families, and 58 cases lacking definite host data.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
James E. Keirans (1975) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: