Surface topography of dental implants: A review

Pure titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys are well-established standard materials in dental implants due to their favorable combination of mechanical strength, chemical stability and biocompatibility. The concept of osseointegration was discovered by Brεnemark and his co-worker and has had a dramatic influence on clinical treatment of oral implants. The first generation of successfully used clinical Ti implants, which were machined with a smooth surface texture, now approach 50 years in the clinical use. Since then, implant surfaces have long been recognized to play a vital role in molecular interactions, cellular response and osseointegration and scientists all over the world have developed the second generation implants with surfaces which can accelerate and improve implant osseointegration.