Electrodeposition of palladium from a mixture of choline chloride/urea/palladium(II) chloride (deep eutectic solvent) has been carried out by direct and pulse current electrodeposition. The influence of five organic additives, current mode (direct current vs. pulsed current) and hydrodynamics on the surface morphology of the electrodeposited palladium films was investigated. The surface morphology and thickness of the palladium layers produced was determined by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the surface morphology of the palladium deposits could be affected significantly either by applying pulse current and/or addition of organic additives. Current mode, electrolyte agitation and surface effects of the selected additives mutually interfere with each other, causing changes in the microstructure of the deposits (coarse → nodular/smooth). It was possible to improve the palladium deposit quality and metal deposition rate by addition of appropriate additives and by applying pulsed current.
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Manolova et al. (2019) studied this question.
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