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Quasiparticles in inhomogeneous superconductors are subject to two off-diagonal pair potential forces. One of them, the recently discovered supercurrent force, involves the gauge invariant Cooper pair velocity and causes the exchange of Cooper pair momentum between Andreev scattered quasiparticles and the moving condensate. It is shown in the local model of a moving vortex line that the phenomenologically derived interface force of the Nozi\'eres-Vinen-Warren theory can be explained microscopically by the supercurrent force on quasiparticles inside the vortex core.
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Hofmann et al. (1993) studied this question.
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