Fertility control is discussed in terms of reward alternatives to having children. Changes in female sex-role definitions (found especially among younger women) particularly the increased orientation toward individual occupational achievement appear to affect family size desires and hence contraceptive efficacy and completed family size. Various studies of the relationship between sex-role (in terms of tradition and the womens self concept) and fertility are presented. Demographic factors previously of great value in predicting fertility are gradually losing discriminatory power. Also discussed are implications for male sex-role family structure and the traditionally inverse association of social position and fertility.
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Scanzoni et al. (1972) studied this question.