A microscopic model of liquid crystals, with frustrated dipolar, van der Waals, and benzene-ring steric hindrance interactions, yields reentrant phase diagrams with the sequence nematic--smectic-Ad--nematic--smectic-A₁₋₋smectic-C. The Lindemann criterion of melting is adapted to liquid crystals and Monte Carlo simulation is used. The smectic-A₁ and -C phases occur in two versions, one pointing to in-plane domain formation. Layer tilting is found to be due to permeation-rotation lock-in. The model yields three types of smectic-C phases distinguished by tilt saturation.
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Netz et al. (1992) studied this question.
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