Wind power: the economic impact of intermittency

Wind is the fastest growing renewable energy source for generating electricity, but economic research lags behind. In this study, therefore, we examine the economics of integrating large-scale wind energy into an existing electrical grid. Using a simple grid management model to investigate the impact of various levels of wind penetration on grid management costs, we show that costs of reducing CO 2 emissions by relying more on wind power depend on the generation mix of the existing electrical grid and the degree of wind penetration, with costs ranging from $44 to well over $1000 per tonne of CO 2 reduced. Costs are lowest if wind displaces large amounts of fossil fuel production and there is some hydroelectric power to act as a buffer. Hydro capacity has the ability to store wind generated power for use at more opportune times. If wind does nothing more than replace hydro or nuclear power, however, the environmental benefits (reduced CO 2 emissions) of investing in wind power are small.