Exhaled breath analysis in the differentiation of pneumonia from acute pulmonary oedema

Introduction Pneumonia and acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPO) are common acute clinical conditions. Despite their distinct pathophysiology, both may present with similar non-specific symptoms and can be difficult to distinguish radiologically, resulting in misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment [1]. Methods for distinguishing between these conditions include blood but not exhaled breath biomarkers