Harnessing Forest Rhizospheric Microflora: A Sustainable Alternative to Litter Burning and a Pathway to Revive Economically Important Tree Species in the Temperate Himalayas

In the Kashmir Himalayas, the regeneration of key forest species such as Spruce (Picea smithiana) and Fir (Abies pindrow) is declining, especially at higher elevations. This is largely due to extended gaps between good seed years and the excessive accumulation of slowly decomposing conifer litter, which requires 10–13 years for 95% breakdown. The persistence of litter is driven by high litterfall and slow decomposition, influenced by external factors (temperature, humidity, soil quality, decomposers) and intrinsic litter traits (lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen). Conifer litter, with a high lignin content (≈29.26%), is particularly resistant, creating a major barrier to nutrient cycling and natural regeneration. To address this challenge, the present study investigated the biodegradation potential of rhizospheric microflora from high-altitude forests of Kashmir. Enzymatic screening revealed strong extracellular activities, with notable prevalence of protease (85.71%), cellulase (64.28%), xylanase (60.71%), and other enzymes crucial for organic matter turnover. Molecular identification of the most efficient strains confirmed their potential as eco-friendly agents to accelerate litter degradation. By clearing the forest floor and enhancing seed–soil contact, these microbes foster favorable conditions for natural regeneration. Thus, rhizospheric microflora represent a sustainable, nature-based solution to overcome litter accumulation and support forest resilience in the fragile Himalayan ecosystem.