Improved Understanding of the Alteration of Molecular Compositions by Severe to Extreme Biodegradation: A Case Study from the Carboniferous Oils in the Eastern Chepaizi Uplift, Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Biodegraded oils have been widely discovered throughout the world, whereas the alteration of the molecular composition of oils at extreme levels (>PM8) has been insufficiently documented. A suite of crude oils from Carboniferous volcanic reservoirs in the eastern Chepaizi Uplift, Junggar Basin, experienced severe to extreme biodegradation (from PM6+ to PM9+), which provided an ideal case for the present study. This investigation showed that the variations in molecular composition were not strictly consistent with their stepwise fashion in established schemes. The idea that 25-norhopanes are derived from hopanes was confirmed by the sharp decreases in the C 29 hopane/gammacerane (C 29 H/G) and C 30 hopane/gammacerane (C 30 H/G) values at the level of extreme biodegradation, which were associated with the increases in their counterparts of C 28 25-norhopane/gammacerane (C 28 25-NH/G) and C 29 25-norhopane/gammacerane (C 29 25-NH/G). 25-Norhopanes were also biodegraded at an extreme level, with C 29 25-NH being more susceptible than C 28 25-NH. The preferential biodegradation of individual homohopanes by carbon number occurred at an extreme level, whereas C 29 H featured more bioresistance than C 30 H and shared a similar susceptibility to biodegradation as 18α-30-norneohopane (C 29 Ts). The formation of 22 R isomers for 25-norhopanes seemed to be favored over that of 22 S isomers, although the 22 S isomer was degraded faster that the 22 R epimer for the C 31, C 32, and C 33 homohopanes. However, the constant values of 22 S /(22 S + 22 R ) for the C 34 homohopane implied no preferential biodegradation of 22 S or 22 R isomers for this extended hopane. Lower molecular weight tricyclic terpanes (TTs) were preferentially removed at extreme biodegradation levels, and the late eluting stereoisomers were degraded faster than the early eluting stereoisomers for C 26 TT, C 28 TT, and C 29 TT. C 24 tetracyclic terpane (C 24 Tet) is much more resistant to biodegradation than TTs. Pregnanes have a similar susceptibility to biodegradation as gammacerane, but they are more resistant than C 23 TT. The biodegradation of regular steranes was characterized by their faster depletion than diasteranes and the preferential depletion of C 27 regular sterane to the C 29 homologue and the 20 R isomers to the 20 S isomers. At the extreme level, even C 20 and C 21 triaromatic steroids (TAS) were distinctively reduced, coexisting with the relatively highly degraded steranes and terpanes, although water washing can also be responsible for the decreases in (C 20 + C 21 )-TAS/C 26–28 -TAS values.