9 Physical studies of chiral surfaces

Driven by the demand for heterogeneous asymmetry catalysis, studies of chiral surfaces have become important aspects of modern surface science. With the maturity of surface science techniques, this has enriched the success in the study of low-symmetry chiral surfaces at the molecular level. In this review we summarise the methods to create chiral surfaces and the symmetry properties of chiral surfaces. Physical methods that have been used to recognise and understand the structure and properties of chiral surfaces are discussed in detail.