Emergence of selectivity and rectification phenomena in voltage-gated nanopores from axial field-induced interfacial gradients

| > 2. These findings establish axial symmetry breaking as the fundamental nanoscale mechanism for enhancing transport functionality in asymmetric nanopores, providing a unified mechanistic framework that extends beyond voltage-gated nanopores to conical, chemically patterned, and other asymmetrically engineered nanopore architectures.