A Novel Individual-based Determination of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Effects of surgery on learning and memory assessed only after surgery in young adult mice. Seven-week old CD1 mice were subjected to right carotid artery exposure under isoflurane anesthesia. Barnes maze training sessions started 1 week after the surgery. (A) Barnes maze training sessions. Results are mean ± S.D. (n = 13). * P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding data on day 1. (B) Barnes maze memory phase. (C) Fear conditioning results. Results in B and C are in box plot format (n = 13). ? : lowest or highest score (the score will not show up if it falls in the 95th percentile); between lines: 95th percentile of the data; inside boxes: 25th to 75th percentile including the median of the data. ^ P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (D) Body weights. Results are mean ± S.D. (n = 13).

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  Figure 2.. Preoperative evaluation of learning and memory of young adult mice in a self-comparison study. Seven-week old CD1 mice were used in the test. (A) Barnes maze training sessions. Results are mean ± S.D. (n = 21). * P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding data on day 1. (B) Barnes maze memory phase. (C) Fear conditioning results. Results in B and C are in box plot format (n = 21). ?: lowest or highest score (the score will not show up if it falls in the 95th percentile); between lines: 95th percentile of the data; inside boxes: 25th to 75th percentile including the median of the data.

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  Figure 3.. Postoperative evaluation of learning and memory of young adult mice in self-comparison study. Seven-week old CD1 mice were subjected to right carotid artery exposure under isoflurane anesthesia. Barnes maze training sessions started 1 week after the surgery that was performed 24 h after preoperative evaluation of their learning and memory (preoperative results are shown in figure 2). (A) Barnes maze training sessions. Results are mean ± S.D. (n = 21). * P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding data on day 1. (B) Barnes maze memory phase. (C) Fear conditioning results. Results in B and C are in box plot format (n = 21). ?: lowest or highest score (the score will not show up if it falls in the 95th percentile); between lines: 95th percentile of the data; inside boxes: 25th to 75th percentile including the median of the data. ^ P < 0.05 compared with the control group.

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  Figure 4.. Effects of surgery on learning and memory assessed in a self-comparison fashion in young adult mice. Seven-week old CD1 mice were subjected to preoperative evaluation and postoperative evaluation of their learning and memory. Those results are shown in figures 3 and 4. The difference between preoperative values and postoperative values was calculated and presented here. (A) Barnes maze memory phase. (B) Fear conditioning results. Results are in box plot format (n = 21). ?: lowest or highest score (the score will not show up if it falls in the 95th percentile); between lines: 95th percentile of the data; inside boxes: 25th to 75th percentile including the median of the data. ^ P < 0.05 compared with the control group.

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  Figure 5.. Escape distance traveled by young adult mice in Barnes maze test in self-comparison study. Seven-week old CD1 mice were subjected to right carotid artery exposure under isoflurane anesthesia. Barnes maze tests were performed before and after surgery (those results of latency to identify the target box are shown in figures 2 and 3). (A) Barnes maze training sessions before surgery. (B) Barnes maze memory phase before surgery. (C) Barnes maze training sessions after surgery. (D) Barnes maze memory phase after surgery. Results are mean ± S.D. for panels A, C and D (n = 21). * P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding data on day 1. Results in panel B are in box plot format (n = 21). ? : lowest or highest score (the score will not show up if it falls in the 95th percentile); between lines: 95th percentile of the data; inside boxes: 25th to 75th percentile including the median of the data.

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  Figure 6.. Preoperative evaluation of learning and memory of old mice in self-comparison study. Eighteen-month old C57BL/6 mice were used in the test. (A) Barnes maze training sessions. * P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding data on day 1. (B) Barnes maze memory phase. (C) Fear conditioning results. Results in all three panels are mean ± S.D. (n = 20 for control group and = 21 for mice assigned to surgery group).

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  Figure 7.. Postoperative evaluation of learning and memory of old mice in self-comparison study. Eighteen-month old C57BL/6 mice were subjected to right carotid artery exposure under isoflurane anesthesia. Barnes maze training sessions started 1 week after the surgery that was performed 24 h after preoperative evaluation of their learning and memory (preoperative results are shown in figure 6). (A) Barnes maze training sessions. Results are mean ± S.D. (n = 20 for control group and = 21 for surgery group). * P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding data on day 1. (B) Barnes maze memory phase. (C) Fear conditioning results. Results in B and C are in box plot format (n = 20 for control group and = 21 for surgery group). ?: lowest or highest score (the score will not show up if it falls in the 95th percentile); between lines: 95th percentile of the data; inside boxes: 25th to 75th percentile including the median of the data. ^ P < 0.05 compared with the control group.

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  Figure 8.. Effects of surgery on learning and memory assessed in a self-comparison fashion in old mice. Eighteen-month old C57BL/6 mice were subjected to preoperative evaluation and postoperative evaluation of their learning and memory. Those results are shown in figures 7 and 8. The difference between preoperative values and postoperative values was calculated and presented here. (A) Barnes maze memory phase. (B) Fear conditioning results. Results are mean ± S.D. (n = 20 for control group and = 21 for surgery group). ^ P < 0.05 compared with the control group.

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  Figure 9.. Performance of old mice in novel object recognition and open field tests in self-comparison study. Eighteen-month old C57BL/6 mice were used in the test. (A) Novel object recognition. (B) Travel distance in open field. (C) Time spent in specific regions in open field. Results in all three panels are mean ± S.D. (n = 20 for the control group and = 21 for the surgery group).