Numerical Simulation of Hemodynamic Changes in Central Veins after Tunneled Cuffed Central Venous Catheter Placement in Patients under Hemodialysis

Figures

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  Figure 1. Contour maps of WSS distribution. (a) Central veins without CVC; (b) Central veins with CVC. (CVC = central venous catheter, WSS = wall shear stress).

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  Figure 2. Histogram of the partition tables of WSS on the tube wall. (WSS = wall shear stress).

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  Figure 3. Histogram of the pressures drop from each inlet vein to the outlet of SVC with and without CVC. (SVC = superior vena cava, CVC = central venous catheter, RIJV = right internal jugular vein; RSV = right subclavian vein; LBV = left brachiocephalic vein).

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  Figure 4. Flow streamlines inside the central veins and the velocity magnitude was differentiated using a color bar. (a) Central veins without CVC; (b) Central veins with CVC (Abbreviation as in Fig. 1).

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  Figure 5. Common locations of CVC-related thrombosis in central veins in patients under hemodialysis. (a,b) Thrombosis (low density filling defect) around CVC (arrows) in right brachiocephalic vein (short arrow) and superior vena cava (long arrows) with more in superior vena cava; (c) Thrombosis in superior vena cava. (Abbreviation as in Fig. 1).

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  Figure 6. Comparison of the hemodynamic parameter in the indicated cross sections with the incidence rate of thrombosis. (RIJV = right internal jugular vein; RSV = right subclavian vein; RBV = right brachiocephalic vein; LBV = left brachiocephalic vein; Junction = the joint of right and left brachiocephalic vein; SVC = superior vena cava; CVC = central venous catheter).

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  Figure 7. Typical CT image and 3D reconstruction of central veins with CVC inserted through right internal jugular vein. (a) 3D volume rendered image of central veins with thin-slice CT scan images; (b) 3D reconstruction of the central veins without CVC after segmentation using Mimics v10.0; (c) 3D reconstruction of the central veins with CVC. (Abbreviation as in Fig. 6).

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  Figure 8. Sketch of mesh generation and the zoom-in view of the boundary layer mesh.