In this paper, an empirical formula is determined whereby the mass rate of flow in the natural-convection plume above a heated horizontal cylinder immersed in a liquid can be calculated. The formula is based upon experimental data obtained for a heated horizontal cylinder immersed in a tank of water. It is anticipated that the formula will be useful in the design of heaters for liquids stored in tanks.
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Fand et al. (1973) studied this question.