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The air annealing induced grain growth from nano to microscale and a transformation sequence from Bi → β-Bi 2 O 3 → γ-Bi 2 O 3 → α-Bi 2 O 3 was evident. All the annealed samples are oxygen-deficient, resulting in the appearance of a strong red emission band.
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Gandhi et al. (2020) studied this question.
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