Ionic liquids with pincer dicationic nuclei, 2a − 6a and 2b − 6b, were prepared from either 1,1‘-methylenebis(imidazole) or 1,1‘-methylenebis(1,2,4-triazole) via quaternization with alkyl or polyfluoroalkyl halides under classical or microwave irradiation conditions. Palladium-catalyzed Heck cross-coupling reactions were performed successfully in the ionic liquid 3a . A single-crystal X-ray structure of a bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) complex of palladium ( 7 ) formed in the ionic liquid catalyst system supports its likelihood as the active catalyst.
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Jin et al. (2005) studied this question.
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