Ketamine, Medetomidine, and Midazolam Anesthesia With and Without Butorphanol in Slow Lorises (Nycticebus Bengalensis and Xanthonycticebus Species)

spp., a higher butorphanol dose (0.1 mg/kg) was necessary to reach an adequate anesthetic plane. This species exhibited decreased heart rate, increased oxygen saturation, and shorter recovery times with the use of KMMB compared to KMM alone. Both species maintained spontaneous respirations without respiratory depression or apnea. Supplementation with isoflurane for the maintenance of anesthesia did not affect vital parameters but lengthened recovery times in both species. Although the need for isoflurane supplementation could not be completely prevented, KMMB reduced its requirement, potentially reducing adverse effects associated with inhalant anesthetics. These findings support the use of a species-adapted KMMB protocol, supplemented with isoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia as a safe and effective anesthetic option for health evaluations in rescued slow lorises.