Thermoremanent magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can self-assemble into rings through dipolar interactions, when dispersed under appropriate conditions. Analysis of individual MNP rings and clusters by off-axis electron holography reveals bistable flux closure (FC) states at ambient temperatures, and their reversible switching by magnetic field gradients. We introduce a line-bond formalism to describe the coupling between MNPs.
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Wei et al. (2011) studied this question.
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