Newly recognized Late Jurassic Nb-Ta pegmatite dikes in the Maoershan-Yuechengling pegmatite district, south China: Their petrogenesis and metallogenesis

The Mao’antang deposit is the largest and the most important pegmatite-type Nb-Ta deposit in the Maoershan-Yuechengling district. Studying the petrogenesis of mineralization pegmatite can help us to understand the metallogenesis of Late Jurassic pegmatite-type rare-metal in the south China. During the Late Jurassic (159–155 Ma), the extensional event coupled with underplating of the asthenospheric magma triggered partial melting of the lower crust. The mixing of the crustal melts with the asthenospheric mantle material produced parental magmas that ascended and intruded into the upper crust and assimilated some upper-crustal material. At the late stage of magma evolution, fluxing elements raise degree of differentiation and solubility of rare metals. Euhedral coltan grains from the Mao’antang deposit were enriched through prolonged crystallization, and then the mineralized pegmatites were emplaced in gneissic granite and quartz-mica schist with various ε Nd (t) (−9.85 to −4.57) compositions. • The Late Jurassic (159–155 Ma) pegmatite-type Nb-Ta deposit is firstly reported in south China. • The source of pegmatite was derived from a mixed of crustal material and mantle melt. • The pegmatites in the Mao’antang deposit may be produced by extreme fractional crystallization of the magma melt. • There are potential for prospecting Late Jurassic pegmatite rare-metal deposits in south China. The Maoershan-Yuechengling pegmatite district (MYPD) of south China contains more than 2000 pegmatite dikes, most of which show rare-metal mineralization, for example, Nb, Ta, Be, and Rb mineralization. However, petrogenesis of the pegmatite dikes and their rare metal metallogenesis remain unclear due to lack of reliable geochronological and geochemical constraints. In this paper, we report new data of whole-rock geochemistry, Nd-Pb isotopes, and columbite–tantalite (coltan) and zircon U-Pb ages of the pegmatite dikes and their hosting gneissic granite from the Mao’antang deposit, the largest Nb-Ta deposit known in the district. The Mao’antang pegmatite dikes occur in the Moshishui area in a linear distribution pattern due to fault structural control. The area are dominated by Caledonian granitoids and Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks. Two coltan U-Pb ages of the mineralized pegmatites (159.5 ± 5.4 Ma and 155.0 ± 2.7 Ma) obtained in this study distinct them from the well documented, episodic Precambrian to Mesozoic rare-metal pegmatites in south China, for example, the 832–827 Ma, 424–387 Ma, 248–198 Ma, 140–127 Ma, and 70–40 Ma mineralized pegmatites. The Mao’antang Nb-Ta pegmatites are much younger than their hosting granite which is dated at 417.2 ± 2.0 Ma in this study. The large age gap (262–258 million years) indicates no direct petrogenetic association between the pegmatites and their hosting granite. Geochemically, the pegmatites have high Rb/Sr (6.63–215.2) ratios but low Nb/Ta (0.07–0.98) and Zr/Hf (4.02–35.63) ratios, indicating that the pegmatites are highly evolved. The Nd (ε Nd (t) = -9.8 to −4.6; T DM2 = 1.35–1.79 Ga) and Pb ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.267–20.497; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.628–15.834) isotopic data suggest that the parental magmas of the pegmatites were originated from a mixed source of Proterozoic crustal material with minor mantle-derived melts. Based on euhedral coltan grains, low ratios of Nb/Ta, and Zr/Hf, and the new geochronological data, it is proposed that the Mao’antang mineralized pegmatites were evolved by fractional crystallization from residual parental magmas. Late Jurassic Nb-Ta rare-metal pegmatites are notably uncommon in south China. Recognition of their occurrence not only confirms the episodic nature of the south China rare-metal mineralized pegmatites, but also guides future exploration strategy for rare metals in south China.