The1.2/1.3 band single-mode fiber WDM was developed with various factors such as characteristics, stability, and cost of the device in practical use taken into consideration. It uses ball-lens collimators in the optical coupling system. Utilizing its coupling characteristics could realize a low-loss high-stability WDM. An insertion loss variation is less than 0.25 dB throughout the wide temperature range of from -40°C to +70°C.
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Tamura et al. (1986) studied this question.
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