The Impact of Clinical Pharmacy Services on Direct Oral Anticoagulant Medication Selection and Dosing in the Ambulatory Care Setting

Background: Off-label dosing of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) is both common and associated with adverse patient outcomes. Evidence describing best practices to support optimal direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) dosing is limited. Objective: To describe the impact of clinical pharmacist intervention on DOAC prescribing. Methods: This retrospective study was a descriptive analysis conducted within an integrated healthcare system with a centralized, pharmacist-led Anticoagulation Management Service (AMS). Patients prescribed a DOAC between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020 were included. Pharmacy dispensing reports were generated for pharmacist review and anticoagulant drug therapy changes were recommended to physicians where appropriate. The primary objective was to describe the number and type of recommendations made. Secondary objectives were to determine the provider acceptance rate based on the intervention type and on clinical vs formulary recommendations. Results: Clinical pharmacists made 147 recommendations for 2331 unique patients included in the analysis. Twenty-three recommendations (16%) were to decrease the dose, 46 (31%) were to increase the dose, 14 (10%) were to change the medication due to clinical scenario, 62 (42%) were to change the medication due to cost, and 2 (1%) were another issue. One hundred twenty-three (84%) recommendations were accepted. The provider acceptance rate was similar for clinical and formulary recommendations (85% and 82% respectively). Conclusion: Implementation of report-driven clinical pharmacist intervention led to an improvement in appropriate DOAC medication selection and dosing.