Numerical evaluations of different foot arch types: effects of loading on plantar pressure distribution and bone stress

This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical variations among different types of foot arches. Plantar pressure and foot bone stress of three arch types under bipedal standing, single foot standing and running mid-stance were investigated by simulation. Compared with the normal foot, the stress in the hind foot area of high arch foot increased significantly, while the contact area of the low arch foot increased. Bone stress in high arch increased more significantly when changed from bipedal standing to single foot standing or running. The results support the link between abnormal arches and foot pain, providing design basis for orthopedic insoles.