Cigarette consumption was compared between 355 males with cancer of the lower urinary tract and 276 male hospital controls. Both duration of smoking and average daily consumption of cigarettes showed a dose-response relationship with risks of developing bladder cancer. Quitting smoking seems to have a protective role, whereas higher relative risks are associated with an early age at start of smoking. The use of a filter seems to have a weak protective effect.
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Vineis et al. (1983) studied this question.
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